Impact of Facebook on the growth of Bishnupriya Manipuri Community: A Descriptive Analytical Study by Bindita Sinha (Research Work)

Impact of Facebook on the growth of Bishnupriya            Manipuri Community: A Descriptive Analytical Study

 

Project Work Submitted In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Degree of Masters in Mass Communication and Journalism, Tezpur University

                                                                                            

Submitted By: Bindita Sinha

Certificate

This is to certify that, Bindita Sinha, a student of 3rd Semester has undertaken the Communication Dissertation entitled “Impact of facebook on the growth of Bishnupriya Manipuri Community: A Descriptive Analytical Study” . This is a partial fulfillment of the Master’s Degree course in Mass Communication and Journalism. The project is the result of her own research efforts and endeavors.

Declaration

I hereby declare that the project report on “Impact of facebook on the growth of Bishnupriya Manipuri Community: A Descriptive Analytical Study” submitted to the Department of Mass Communication and Journalism, Tezpur University as a partial fulfillment of the Masters in Mass Communication and Journalism is true to the best of my knowledge and belief. It is prepared by me and was not submitted to any other institution for award of any other degree.

Acknowledgement

I am extremely grateful to my guide Mr. Bala Lakhendra, Assistant Professor, Department of Mass Communication and Journalism, Tezpur University, for his valuable guidance and for rendering help at every point of the project, and for finding solutions to every single problem that I faced during the course of the project.

Last but not the least, I express my deep thanks to God, my parents, my friends and my classmates who have helped me in different ways for the successful completion of my project.

Sl.  No.  Chapter                                                                      Page Number

   1.    Introduction                                                                                                         

   2.   Literature Review                                                                                               

   3.    Theoretical Framework                                                                                                      

   4.    Methodology                                                                                                       

   5.   Data Analysis                                                                                                

   6.   Findings                                                   

   7.  Conclusion                                                                                         

   8.    References                                                                                                            

      

       Appendix

       Schedule I

       Schedule II

The impact of the Social networking site Face book on the growth of the Bishnupriya Manipuri Community

Introduction:

Manipur, the land of Jewel is a north-eastern state of India and the mother nature has been extraordinary kind to bless this land with beauty and ethnicity. This ancient kingdom is the original home of one of the most deprived and endangered community of Indo-Aryan race (Vedic origin) known as Bishnupriya Manipuri. Manipur has been the household to Vedic civilization from earliest time and Bishnupriya Manipuris began to lose control and dominance between 18th to 19th-century. Due to various continuous conflicts with the other groups of ethnicities along with the repeated Burmese attack, Bishnupriya Manipuris had to move out from Manipur in large number and most of them were scattered in Assam, Tripura, Sylhet (Bangladesh) and also in Burma. 

In later period, Bishnupriya Manipuris were recruited in Burmese army, the Brahmins also served as priest and astrologer in Burmese royal court. Substantial number of Bishnupriya Manipuris still live in Manipur but the accurate figure is not known yet, a large number of Bishnupriya Manipuris are gradually seized by the Meitei and as a result, considerable number of people live in various metro cities in India and overseas. The population is approximately 500,000 an accurate census is not carried out yet. “Bishnupriya” literally means “dear to Lord Bishnu or Vishnu” as they were primarily Bishnu worshipping Vaishnavite before converting to Gaudiya Vaishnavism. 

Bishnupriya Manipuris are chiefly the Kshatriyas and Aryas however, all Bishnupriya Manipuris are not the descendants of the King Arjuna. In Mahabharata, Bishnupriya Manipuri people were termed as ‘Gandharva’ and at that time, the King of Bishnupriya Manipuri was Gandharvaraj Chitrabahan. His daughter princess Chitrangada got married with the King Arjuna and Babrubahan was born. Before the rule of Arjuna, Manipur was completely under the monarch rule.

Gandharva Ancestry of Bishnupriya Manipuri:

Bishnupriya Manipuris traces their ancestry to ancient Ghandharvas, who were one of the most interesting groups of people of ancient India. From prehistoric time, Bishnupriya Manipuris were well-versed in music and dance, also powerful warriors who lived within Aryavatra (modern day Indian Subcontinent). They were mentioned as allied with Devas along with Sadhyas, Vasus, Rudras and Adityas. Rigveda has several references to the Gandharva in Ramayana, they were mentioned as many as 500 times in the epic Mahabharata and also several references can be found from various other Vedic scriptures. 

History of Manipur:

History of Manipur is traced back to the Vedic age. There are ample evidences to establish the existence of Vedic people and religion from earliest time of human civilization. From the account of Mahabharata, we can learn, princess of Manipur Chitrangada, daughter of King of Chitravahan married Arjun, the third Pandava. Bavruvahan born to Chitrangada-Arjun, as per the condition he remained in Manipur and became the king subsequently. 

Markandya Purana and other Vedic genealogy refers Manipur with various Sanskrit names like Manipur, Gandharvadesh, Suvarnabhumi, Devanagar, Aryanagar, Mahendranagar, Udaygiri etc. but unfortunately the historical records and manuscripts of Manipur were burnt and lost during the unrest of 18th and 19th century, names of kings as well as places were De-Sanskitised in this same period. R.K.Jhalajit Singh in his book “A Short History of Manipur” has reconstructed Sanskrit names of most pre 18th-century reigning kings. It is doubtful if any kings of other ethnicity or race ever ruled even in the later period of 18th-century and early 19th-century. Formation of five Bishnupriya Manipuri principalities: Possibly due to internal rivalry among Bishnupriya Manipuri princess, they went on to found independent kingdoms, which are – 1. Khomul (Khuman), 2. Angom, 3. Mauriyagang (Moirang), 4. Luwang, 5. Manglang. Name of these kingdoms rather principalities are Sanskrit origin, Khomul = Kho (Khotriyo) + Mul (origin), later corrupted into Khuman/Khumal. Remaining all having common suffixing/prefixing Sanskrit term “Ang”, means a portion in Sanskrit, it denotes here a portion of land. 

Bishnupriya Manipuris can be separated by the Clans (major lokeis). The Manipuri society consists of Poncho Bishnupriya (Khuman, Moirang, Angom, Luwang and Pure Mangang) along with additional clans like ‘Khaba’, ‘Nganba’, ‘Leishangthem’, ‘Khwairakpam’ etc. During the early times, the Bishnupriya Manipuri Kings from all the clans allowed the entry of Meiteis Chineese into Manipuri society through Mangang clan. So, Mangang clan is mostly sullied by Meiteis Chineese people. Later, they have given a separate name ‘Ningthouja’ as their clan identity. In Assam and Tripura, Bishnupriya Manipuris are not exactly living with clans (Lokeis) but living with sub-clans like Raja Lokei, Parjigo Lokei, Keikhullakpa Lokei etc.

The Khuman King Kiyamba made the Vishnu Mandir in Bishnupur, his original name is King Chinta Mani Singh. Earlier Khumans, Moirangs, Angoms, Luwangs, Mangangs used to speak in their respective clan languages but after that a common language was spoken by all Manipuri clans in and outside Manipur as well.

In ancient times, most prominent Eastern Indian Kingdoms used to have “Ang” suffixing, namely “Amg” (modern day in Bihar), “Kaliang” (Orissa), ‘Bang” (Bengal). Collectively they used to be called Ang-Bang-Kaliang. Same fashion was there in Manipur too. Mauriyang=Mauriya+Ang, sullied to Moirang. This principally was established by some offshoots of great “Mauriyan” dynasty of which Ashoka the great belonged, they came down to this region before or at the time of Ashoka’s reign. The existing Bishnupriya Manipuris who lived in this principality came to be known as Mauriyang (Moirang). However, after establishing this principality, the rulers moved on to Burma, there they established a formidable and more efficient kingdom, modern name of the place is “Murera” a corruption of “Mauriya”. Reference of this piece of history can be found in Sir Arthur Phayre’s “A History of Burma”. All five principalities were formed before the Christian era. Other two clans/principalities of Monogoloid race possibly appeared in Manipur during 17th and 18th-century.

Stone images of Vedic Gods like Indra seated on Aryavat and Agni in a seated on Aryavat and Agni in a seated posture on the Vahana (conveyance) depicting two heads and three legs has been discovered. Archeologist W. Yumjao Singh discovered a copper plate inscription in archaic eastern Indian script dated circa 800 CE. proves to the prevalence of worshipping Vishnu, Shiva, Durga, Ganesh and other Vedic Gods and Goddesses. Undoubtedly architecture of Manipur is Indian by origin, 15th-century Vishnu temple is the oldest still standing structure, pre 18th-century Kangla palace is magnificent example of Indian medieval architecture. 

Bishnupriya Mnaipuris were Vaishnavite of Lord Bishnu centric Vaishnavism (earliest form of Vaishnavism). In the beginning of 18th-century, mass of Meitei population including Bishnupriya Manipuri began to convert into Gaudiya Vaishnavism (Lord Krishna centric bhakti movement founded by Chaitanya of Bengal). Prior to this conversion, Meitei followed their indigenous religion called “Sanamahism”, a non-Hindu/Vedic religion. 

Origin and Migration:

Some historians’ believes Kshatiyas began to migrate in all direction from central and Northern India some 12000 years ago to escape the wrath of Kshatriyas eliminator Parshuram (incarnation of Lord Vishnu). Whatever may be the reason and period, undoubtedly there were waves of migration in prehistoric time. Historical records and archeological evidences of Northeast India and Burma approve waves of migration of Kshatriyas and Brahmans took place in 1st and 2nd millennium before the Christian era. Bishnupriya Mnaipuris are a branch of those Kshatriyas migrants. Burmese Royal chronical “Maharajavasma” says, in 850 BCE, a Kshatriya prince named AbhiRaja along with his followers migrated to this land and established the first ever kingdoms in Burma. 

Up till 12th-century CE, Manipur served India’s gateway to mainland Southeast Asia. For this very reason of Kshatriya migration, we find numerous ancient Hindu/Vedic kingdoms in Burma, Thailand (Shyam), Laos, Cambodia (Kambojdesh), Vietnam (Champa) even in Yunnan province of China. Possibly from 12th-century onwards, these Kshatriyas started to lose power to invading tribes in waves from China, as time went, they lost separate racial and linguistic identity and became untraceable ingredient of today’s modern population of Southeast Asia. In fact, this whole peninsula woes its civilization to India. European scholar G.E.Geraini stated everything in one single sentence, in his work “Researches on Ptolmey’s Geography”, “From the Brahmaputra and Manipur to the Tonkin Gulf, we can trace a continuous string of petty states ruled by those scions of the Kshatriya race, using the Sanskrit or Pali language in official documents and inscriptions, buildings, temples and monuments of old Hindu style and employing Brahmin priests at the propitiatory ceremonies connected with the court and the state.” This leaves no doubt that Arya or Aryans have been living in Manipur at least from past 5000-4000 years, it could be even more.

Nomenclature of the Land:

Earliest historical records and Vedic genealogy refers Manipur with various pure Sanskrit names on different point of time, like Gandharvadesha, Devanagar, Aryanagar, Mahendranagar, Udalguri, Suvarnabhumi etc. Manipur began to be referred with non-Sanskrit names like Meklee by Assamese, Kathe by Burmese (actually Kathe refers to Kshatriyas by Burmese), Cassey by Shans, Moglie by Kacharis etc. Later names are effect of emerging Tibeto-Burman, Sino-Tibetian and kuki-Chin group of languages in the region.

Bishnupriya Manipuri Language:

The language spoken by Bishnupriya Manipuri belongs to Indo-Aryan group of languages, originated from Sanskrit, having its own character this language came into significant changes over the period of many centuries absorbing the stock from Tibeto-Burman and Meiteilon. For this very reason, the language spoken today is not similar to the period before of the Christians era. However, a well dedicated research to be carried out on this language.  

Presently Bishnupriya Manipuri language uses the purba Nagari script (also known as Bengali script) a sits writing system. Rajar-Gang and Madai-Gang are two dialects of Bishnupriya Manipuri language, morphologically are negligible differences between the two dialects. Presently spoken in parts of the Indian states of Manipur, Assam, Tripura and others in the Sylhet of Bangladesh, Burma and other countries. 

The Bishnupriya Manipuri is a language and with written literature can rightly be called as independent language. The language is known as ‘Imar Thar’ which means ‘Language of my Mother’ among the speakers who resides in Assam, Tripura, Cachar District and Bangladesh mainly and also in Myanmar who fled from Manipur during the 18th and 19th centuries because of internal conflicts among the Princess of Manipur and because of The Burmese attack and those who remains in Manipur they known as Meitei Manipuri. 

Due to the destruction of the old records and literature of the language by the Meitei Kings and Burmese rulers, one cannot trace out the chronological development of the language. It was difficult for the small number of Bishnupriyas who remained in Manipur to retain their language because of the impact of Meitei.  Since the immemorial, Manipuris in Manipur are also known as Bishnupriya. Non-Manipuri people used to call Manipuris as Bishnupriya too, because every true Manipuris used to be ‘Vaishnavs’. Bishnupriya is nothing but Vaishnavs. 

Unlike the dialects of other tribes, these dialects of Bishnupriya are not confined to distinct geographical areas; they rather exist side by side in the same localities. From the viewpoint of phonetics, Madai Gang is more akin to Assamese and Meitei, whereas Rajar Gang is more akin to Bengali. In vocabulary Madai Gang is more influenced by Meitei while Rajar Gang is more akin to Bengali and Assamese.

Contribution of Sri Gokulananda and Sri Sri Bhubaneshwar Thakur in Bishnupriya Manipuri Community:

There are some great personalities who have made a huge difference to Bishnupriya Manipuri society in the fields like Dance, Art, Music, Education, Literature, Religion and Social works etc. which has contributed a lot to the Bishnupriya Manipuri Society for its growth and development. 

One of the personalities among them is Gokulananda Geetiswami (1920-1960). He was a social reformer, political personality, and was an extremely intelligent man who knew that reformation in that age through lectures and sermons would prove futile and so he innovated techniques to bring about a change in the mindset of the people. He was the first MLA of Tripura, at that time he was the MLA of the communist party of India from Bishnupriya Manipuri Community. In defining Bishnupriya Manipuri culture; the songs of Gokulananda have immortalized the Mother Bishnupriya. He traversed the whole of Bishnupriya-speaking region – singing with a missionary fervor of the ills of our society and their remedies He devoted his entire life to the serve the community, to improve the condition of our people and to keep pace with the progress of other communities. He dramatized the plight of our women against the comparative indolence of men. He came under lot of turbulence of the times and he appeared to have wider sympathies. Because of all these qualities of a very high order, grateful people conferred on him the title “Gitiswami” along with a silver medallion, in a special session of Nikhil Bishnupriya Manipuri Mahasabha, in 1935. 

Now-a-days, street plays have become a very modern form of dramatic art. But even in those remote days, Gakulananda Geetiswami introduced street plays as a medium of social reform since women were not allowed to perform in plays at that time. Gakulandand Geetiswami made male members of his troupe to play the female roles. This awakening of the social conscience through dramatic performance proved very effective. People crowded the streets and ‘mandaps’ where the plays of Gakulananda were enacted. This was a very simple but effective method of indirect sermonizing which induced a spontaneous change in the Bishnupriya Manipuri Society at that time. His songs were simple, having didactic them, and like his plays easily understandable by the common people. He had a great respect for Women and 

He wrote for them…..

“Jela eta ki bostuhaan haarnapeitarata, Deshey pondit neita?”

It can be put in this way…..’People do not know of what women substance is, Isn`t there any literate around to know them?’ It means, people never used to give due respect to women folk. He wrote for the women the following lines…

Yuge yuge cheita jelai jingesita

Shoktite Bhobani bidyai Binapani

Dhairiate Dhoroni Bhoktite Brojo gopini

Auter ongsho kala oiya paahurlai nijor shokti

He wandered with his cycle from village to village and remote areas and created the awareness among the people of Bishnupriya Manipuri regarding Education, Literature and other social values of the society. He passed away on 10th July 1962. There are controversies related to his ideologies also, some people say his ideas and his thinking were not good for the Bishnupriya Manipuri Culture and some say that he is the father of Bishnupriya Manipuri culture. He had sacrificed his entire life for the growth of the community but when he died, Bishnupriya Manipuri people did not burnt his dead body because some people say that he was a communist, some people say he was the betrayer. People still now accused him but in true sense he was the leader of alternative media in Bishnupriya Manipuri community. 

On the other hand, Sri Bhubaneswar Sadhu Thakur was a popular spiritual master who born at Baropoa, now renamed Bhubaneshwar Nagar, in Cachar. He taught a moral code of love, forgiveness, charity, contentment, inner peace, devotion to God and Guru through his teachings and songs. He saved the people from spiritual degeneration owing to abject poverty. They have learnt from him to live honestly and peaceably with what little they have. He established the temple Sri Radha Gavinda Jew Mandir popularly known as “Govindabari” at Nabadwip in West Bengal which is a veritable abode of peace for the devotees. He was born on 26th October 1871, a remote village of Cachar district called Baropua in the state of Assam. He was born to a Kshatriya Manipuri family. During his stay in Vrindavana, Sadhu Baba was loved and respected by all. Seeing his devotion towards Lord Krishna and the Bhagavat Gita, Sadhu Baba was given the title of ‘Thakur’ by his Guru at a meeting of the Vaishnavas. 

But there were some people who were against Sadhu Baba’s teachings and his devotional songs. But Sadhu Baba did not give up. He took help from the Pandits of Vrindavana and published a book named ‘Sri Sri Hariram Mongol’, where his teachings and devotional songs were said to be true. But still due to the rude behavior of the people who were against him, Sadhu Thakur one day decided to leave Nawadeep and proceed towards Vrindavana and was waiting in the railway station for the train. On 17th July 1940, Sri Sri Bhubaneshwar sadhu Thakur passed away.

Concept of Social Networking Site:

The Social Networking Site enables the users to create public profile within that websites and form relationship with other users of the same websites who can access their profile. With the development of the technology and Internet, people get more scope to connect with each other and create a virtual world around them for example the SNS are on demand because the users can access to the content anytime, anywhere, on any digital device as well as communicative users, active participation and it also creates public sphere for any issue relating 

to society, politics, education, health anything and users can express their views irrespective of sex, religion, place etc. the SNS has the power to help in growing anything with the help of public attention because the SNS has the capacity to reach everyone and anyone with the basic knowledge of internet can use it. Facebook is also taken as a platform of communication now a days because of its attractive features and the scope of connecting people throughout the world irrespective of sex, religion, caste, place of birth etc. it is one of the most popular platform where people can participate easily for arguments, discussions, campaigns and they can share freely and independently their views, thoughts, opinions regarding any particular matter or issue, they can join any groups or any community of online according to their choice and preferences. 

Now, Facebook is the leading Social Networking Site in today’s world followed by Twitter, LinkedIn, and Google+ etc. 

The Concept of Main Media and Alternative Media:

The word ‘Media’ is considered as the fourth pillar of a nation. It has the power as well as the scope of creating public sphere; it has the power to bring a change in the governmental policies, decision making process and to attain the public support regarding any important issue. It reflects the currents of thoughts, influence or the activity of the people. The mainstream media includes Print Media and Broadcasting media like newspapers, books, journals, television news etc. and sometimes can be contrasted with the alternative media. 

The Alternative media means the media which deals with the questions that are dominated and ignored by the mainstream media. It includes the marginalized or oppressed groups of the society and it creates identity of the communities which are minorities in the group of our society. Alternative media have roots in Marxist thinking and in particular, Antonio Gramsci’s notion of cultural hegemony and it can also take many forms like print, radio and internet. 

In a successful democratic nation, communication is an important process and the alternative media has the capacity to reach every corner of the society and it can create a public sphere. For the development of an ethnic and endangered community, the alternative media which consists the Social Networking Sites can help because with the time the SNS is becoming very popular mainly Face book among all age groups of the people especially among the youths and it can create awareness in the development of an endangered community of the society. With the development of the Web 2.0, Internet has gained the capacity to attain the attention of the public, now people read news on internet, Face book rather than in Newspapers, televisions and magazines etc. 

The Social networking sites create more information about the social movements for example, a movement related to the Human Rights. The movement is on both the mainstream media and the alternative media as well but the movement will get more public sphere in alternative 

Media Internet or more specifically in Social Networking Sites like Face book. Any matter or issue relating to the civil rights, environmental movement, they will gain more public sphere in alternative media compared to mainstream media. This is the power and capacity of the alternative media especially the social networking sites. 

There are numerous definitions for "alternative media," John Downing, for example, defines "radical alternative media" as media "that express an alternative vision to hegemonic policies, priorities, and perspectives". In his assessment of a variety of definitions for the term, Chris Atton notes repeatedly the importance of alternative media production originating from small-scale, counter-hegemonic groups and individuals. In alternative media the participation of the people is high and it has the ability to grab the attentions of the general public and the masses. 

The Role of Media in Community Development:

Power of media can transform the whole society, community especially in the developing countries it can be used as “Weapon of Mass destruction”.  The most important use of media is to educate the people about the basic human rights. Media should portray the facts; they should not transform the reality. In the past when the media was not so strong, we were quite ignorant about what is happening around us. But today we come to know very quickly what is happening around us.  

Media shape public opinion in different ways. Following the 9/11 terrorism, media coverage followed accusations by government authorities that pointed towards as the group that carried out the attack on the United States and Osama Bin Laden as the leader of that group. Those news reports on the attack and the aftermath shaped public opinion to support the war on terrorism. 

Other ways to influence public opinion include political advertising. Trends for and against political candidates are measured by public opinion polls. Candidates raise money to pay for media exposure-political advertising-that influences public opinion so they will receive more votes on Election Day. 

With the emerging time and with the development of Internet along with the Social Networking Sites mainly face book, the world has become smaller and it is helping in building communities And Social Actions. The United Nations defines community development as "a process where community members come together to take collective action and generate solutions to common problems." the Federation for Community Development Learning defines community development as:

A set of values and practices which plays a special role in overcoming poverty and disadvantage, knitting society together at the grass roots and deepening democracy. There is a community development profession, defined by national occupational standards and a body of theory and experience going back the best part of a century. There are active citizens who use community development techniques on a voluntary basis, and there are also other professions and agencies which use a community development approach or some aspects of it. 

Facebook is one of the most influential media platforms of our times. It is not just 

so because of the current 800 million active users but also when taken into consideration the time users spend on generating this specific media environment –and thereby the impact it has on the daily life of its active users and the way that society is framed and represented at this given point in time. 

Media has the capacity to create a public sphere; it has the power to bring a huge change in anything because of its unique features. In Media, the Social Networking Sites especially face book has become the most popular site of communication and it has the great power to affect people because of its features. Face book in today’s world has become the most important and popular tool of connecting people together because any one with the basic knowledge of internet can create account in there and take part in discussions, debates, people can give their opinions, suggestions towards any kind of matter and issues. People now today read news on face book 

instead of newspapers, magazines and a major portion of peoples’ daily life has been affected by face book only.

For Habermas (1984, 1987), a medium is an entity that enables social relations and Niklas Luhmann (1995) in contrast to Habermas argues that all social systems are communication systems and organize their communication around specific media and binary codes such as money and paid/unpaid in the economy or power and in office/out of office in politics. According to Castells, “the public sphere is the space of communicational ideas that emerge from society and are addressed to the decision makers in the institutions of society” (Castells, 2008). According to Nancy Fraser, the public sphere can be classified into two categories: the strong publics and the weak publics. “The strong publics are spaces of institutionalized deliberation whose discourse encompasses both opinion formation and decision making; and weak publics are spaces whose deliberative practice consists exclusively in opinion formation and does not also encompass decision making”(Fraser, 1990).

 On social media, users generate, upload and update personal, communicative and social network data stemming from their roles in the economy, politics, civil society and culture. In addition, many social media platforms retrieve and store data about user behavior on their sites and the Internet in general. Users share their photos, videos on internet and the Social networking sites has the power of creating a huge public sphere especially Face book.

The main objectives of the research are given below:

• To examine the influence of Face book in the growth of Bishnupriya Manipuri community.

• To examine the awareness among the Bishnupriya Manipuri community who are the users of social networking sites.

• To examine the role of face book in community development.  

 

This research has been done for the uses of the Social networking Sites especially Face book in Bishnupriya Manipuri Community through internet. The main purpose of the research is to look and analyze the impacts of the Social networking Sites especially Face book on the growth of Bishnupriya Manipuri Community, whether the Social Networking Site Face book is creating awareness among the people about the community, whether the Social networking Site Face book is helping in growing the community, is Face book is helping in community development? These are the basic aims of the particular research. 

Literature Review:

Journal name: Impact of Social Networking Site on the Separate State Movement of Bodoland: A Descriptive Analytical Study.

Author’s Name: RachanDaimari

Information: International Research Journal of Social Sciences ISSN 2319 – 3565, Vol. 4(3), 7-13, March 2015

About the Journal:

In his paper, the author writes about the impact along with the effect of SNS (Social Networking Sites) on the separate state movement of Bodoland basically. He also writes about how the new media has represented the Bodo movement with the special focus on Facebook and he also examines the online political discussions along with the contribution of Bodo people in the movement of Bodoland for demanding a separate state over Facebook among the community.

With the changing time Facebook is considered as a platform of communication for its unique and attractive features. Facebook has become the place for public sphere, popular place of participation where anyone can express his/her opinion regarding issues which can be anything. It also gives place for the participation to the viewers for argument, political campaigns and sharing real clues by posting videos and photos. The author writes about the implication of SNS in influencing mass but at the same time he also writes about the binary of inclusive and exclusive nature of SNS.

The author writes about the history of Bodo people, their tradition and keeping the public sphere theory in the mind, he asses the present status of Bodoland movement in popular SNS, Facebook where he writes about the reason for applying this theory. In debates and radical societies, the public sphere theory holds a Centre stage because of its participative nature. Every individual came freely and discuss about the problems related to society and through different kind of discourses influence political action. The author writes about the importance of determining the ability of SNS in bringing the public sphere among the people for revolutionize the political sphere. The author refers about Dewey’s argument about the communication society where individuals came together for creating and preserving a good life. He also writes about the importance of Internet in creating public sphere where internet could facilitate discourses for promoting democratic interchange of ideas and inclination. 

The author adopted qualitative research method as this research method is a means for analyzing and understanding the individuals who attribute social and human problems. Triangulation method is also employed which ascribes to the use of more than one approach to the examining of a research questions. 

The Bodo groups in Facebook allow the Non-Bodo people to participate in the discussion freely but some people say that because of Non-Bodo people, they cannot write or talk in their language. With the increasing literary rate, people came to know about the New Media and the uses of internet.  The author says that the use of SNS among the Bodo people is comparatively low in rate because of low literacy rate in Bodo community. The author writes about the connection of different Facebook groups with the Bodoland Movement where the Facebook users and the group members are mainly discuss about the Bodoland to bring unity relating to the movement. He also writes about the opportunities and platform for giving Bodo people to raise their voice so that they can rise beyond their current situation with collective effort. The current situations are very disagreeable for Bodo people as they do not have proper infrastructures, human resources and financial stability where Facebook can bring change by acquiring public spheres. The writer writes that Facebook has the ability to give definite direction to the Bodoland movement.

SNS has the ability for creating the awareness of all types like Social, Financial, and Political among the people because of its feature of connecting people from across the world. Facebook and its popularity are increasing day by day with the changing world. People are now reading news in Facebook more than over in news channels and newspapers, people prefer to discuss in Facebook regarding different social, political, financial and other matters now-a-days where individuals can express their opinions freely and for its significant features, the author writes about the impact of Facebook on the Separate State Movement of Bodoland and Facebook is helping in it as there are many groups in it which focus in creating unity and awareness regarding Bodoland Movement.

Journal Number - 2

Journal Name - Impact of Social Networking Sites (SNS) on the Youth of India.

Author’s Name - Pratyasha Jain

About the Journal –

Abbreviated as SNS a social networking site is the phrase used to describe any Web site that enables users to create public profiles within that Web site and form relationships with other users of the same Web site who access their profile. Social networking sites can be used to describe community-based Web sites, online discussions forums, chatrooms and other social spaces online. The author here mainly focuses on to find out the answer whether the social networking sites are good or bad for today’s society.

The Social Networking Sites are becoming popular day by day because of their attractive and unique features and the SNS have become an important part of our life today, people cannot escape themselves from the impact of Social Networking Sites in today’s technological world. The Social Networking Sites like Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Myspace and YouTube are getting popular among all the age group people irrespective of their age, sex and caste and especially the young people are mainly attracted by the Social Networking Sites. 

The Social networking Sites although allows many career opportunities, employment, marketing, advertising, personal growth, sharing of information etc. but at the same time it increases the crimes related to cybercrimes and also distracts students from their studies. One can easily log in to these Social networking Sites and anyone can create false and fake profile easily. With the changing time, SNS have become a part of an individual’s life and there are millions of internets users are engaged both in leisure time and in working time. 

In this paper, the author writes about both the negative and the positive aspects of Social Networking Sites on the society. During 2008, online social network sites like MySpace and Facebook became common Destinations for young people in the India. Young people were logging in, creating profiles and writing extensive comments back and forth throughout the country as well as the globe. The author writes about the characteristics of the SNS in this paper like presentation of oneself where individual present themselves by creating profiles in which they put photos, videos amongst other functionalities. SNS is the new way of communication where the users can choose to communicate through the digital objects like tags and in-built applications within the SNS and the users can join in different kinds of Facebook groups also according to their wish and preferences. The author writes that the major aspect of the Social Networking Sites is their Simplicity where anyone can use it with the basic internet knowledge and can make his or her presence in the world of SNS. Moreover the SNS are free to use and anyone can join. About 800million people were using Social networking sites in India where around 350million people were using Facebook. 

There has been a significant concern regarding the access to personal information and the anonymity that the system allows and day by day Social network sites users are increasing in India. In 2012, 1800 million users are available in India they are having their a/c in Networking sites. Maximum part of users is covered by Teenagers' in India. The author writes about the negative impacts of the SNS also like time consuming nature of the SNS and the teenagers have accepted that they waste many hours on Social Networking Sites. The users are becoming concern about their access to personal information by others and youth are worried because of ‘non-friends’ may see their posts, photos and videos etc. the Social Networking Sites make the people more self-centered where they lose the connection with the real outside world and became dependent on the virtual world of SNS. The SNS encourage poor grammar, usage and spelling and it is providing information that increases the risk of identity theft. The author also writes about the negative impact of the SNS on the youth like the SNS decrease the learning and research capacities because they rely more on the information which are accessible to the Social Networking Sites, the SNS also causes the reduction of the attention of the youth. 

The author here also writes about the positive aspects of the SNS on the individual. The Social Networking Sites increase the empathy for their friends, it helps to find out the old friends and speedy communication is another positive aspect of the SNS. The Social Networking sites teach the users especially the students for surviving in the business world, how to create and maintain connections to many companies, people in many industries etc.  The users spend many hours in SNS which help to develop their technological skills, computer skills and other electronic skills and because of the speed of uploading things, the creative works of the users can gather many public support and appreciation. 

The Social networking Sites have both positive and negative aspects. With the time the SNS is becoming popular among the individuals and especially among the youth. No doubt that SNS has great impact on the Indian youth it has lot of challenges which we have to face. Young people who share personal experiences online taking steps to protect their own and others' identities but are the facilities of privacy options provide by the SNS are sufficient enough? In one hand, the SNS is providing dexterity to connecting with the people across the world but on the other hand, it is becoming a major concern of the privacy matters.

Journal Number – 3

Journal Name - Social Networking Sites – A Critical Analysis of Its Impact on Personal and Social Life.

Authors name – Dr.Biswajit Das and Jyoti Shankar Sahoo.

Information – International Journal of Business and Social Sciences, Vol.2 No.14, www.ijbssnet.com.

About the Journal –

The Social Networking Sites are becoming popular with the changing times and today more than 1.5 billion people across the globe have their profile in the SNS. In this paper, the authors write about the negative aspects of the social networking sites among its users. The SNS become an anxiety and addiction to the users and especially the youngsters. It starts affecting the personal relationships, health and brain also. The writers here write about how the social networking sites are affecting the social behavior and relationships of the individuals.

The SNS provides a virtual world of communication which allows people to communicate with each other on internet and the concept of SNS came from the basic human need to stay together in a community. In Facebook, people project their identity by showing their relationships to each other like the Tribal people. Starting from 1997 when the first SNS SixDegrees came and now in 2015 where more than 1.5 billion people are using the SNS and creating their profile so that they can be connected to their friends. Within a click, the virtual world opens. 

The private privacy is a major concern in the Social networking Sites today because once you put your personal data, photos, videos on web site you will be helpless to control over it after the setting of privacy level also because you are sharing your information with an unknown web administrator. With the time, now many employees look online profile before giving the offer of job as they want to see the other side of their employee also. The authors here write about the impact of stranger friends in the Facebook where if someone accepts the friend request of an unknown person than the risk level will be high because at first they will exchange words cordially and slowly they start to gather your personal information and if by mistakenly they got the mail id of a user then they could go to the mail account and will click on ‘forgot password’ and the system will send the link immediately. So the question of privacy and safety come automatically and now a day the cyber related crimes are growing by the number. In 2010, near about 100 million facebook account were hacked which stunned the people and those were not hidden by privacy settings. 

Apart from this, the authors write about the biological impact of Social networking sites also like the SNS affect the health of its users because they reduce face to face contact and become addicted to the virtual world of relationships more. The SNS have played a significant role in making people more isolated, upset immune responses and influence mental problems. The SNS also affects the work productivity of its users as people spent hours after hours in chatting and browsing profiles on SNS by checking friends’ updates, status and commenting on photos and videos which finally diverts the minds of the users. After the drugs and alcohol addiction, the whole world is facing the Face book addiction, people are becoming involved in virtual world more than the real world and Face book  usage overtake the daily activities like eating, working, waking up, sleeping and many more. The SNS is helping the cybercriminals in many ways and the cybercriminals getting a great advantage to target victims. The crimes associated with the networking sites have increased which include murder, rape and assaults etc. and majority of cases involve the teenager girls. 

The authors write about the safety measures also like not to accept the friend request from an unknown user, not to post very personal information on internet, To be cautious in uploading photos etc. the growth of SNS depicts a significant change in the Social and personal behavior of the individuals and their lifestyles. Today the social networking sites have become the essential model of communication and entertainment among the young as well as the adults. The SNS have both positive as well as negative aspects on society, it depends on the users of the Social Networking Sites how to make a good use of it and the cyber laws have to be advanced for the security and safety of the users.

Journal Number – 4 

Journal Name - UNCOVERING THE SOCIAL IMPACTS OF FACEBOOK ON A COLLEGE CAMPUS 

Author Name – Matthew Robert Vanden Boogart

Information – department of Counseling and Educational Psychology College of Education, Kansas State University 2006

About the journal –

In 2004, the advent of Face book has changed the world, changed the life of people and it has a great effect on the society as well as the individuals across the world especially the young people. Here, the author writes about the use of online communities by the young people and how it impacts on their physical as well as mental health. Most of the people use the Social Networking Sites mainly face book as a connecting medium with their old and new friends where they post their photos, upload videos and update status etc. but there are only few people using the SNS as a tool to make social connections. However, these SNS can also bring the negative implications also. 

Every day the SNS takes the world by storm and since the creation of World Wide Web in 1990; online communities have begun to dominate the Internet and the mainstream media. People cannot divide their virtual world and the real practical world rather they tie the two worlds together as supplementary. The Social Networking Sites have now become an integral part of the individuals because of its unique 

Features and facilities which attract a large number of audiences mainly the youngsters. The Social networking Sites have their own simplicity where anyone with the basic knowledge of Internet can go and visit the SNS as well as open an account in SNS. People post their photos, videos and update status which gathers a huge public sphere and everyone can comment and express their own views regarding a particular matter of discussion which we can find only in the Social Networking Sites.

But with the so much facilities, the Social networking sites have many negative aspects. The SNS, due to its transparency and low privacy protection, the cybercriminals are getting more and more chance to destroy the account of the users by hacking and using hate speech etc. The young people especially the girls are attacked easily and mostly by the cybercriminals by posting obscene pictures and videos on the profile of the users. The number of murders, rapes and assaults are being increased and the Social Networking Sites help them as the cybercriminals gather information through the SNS.

The privacy options in all the Social networking Sites should be advanced along with the cyber laws, writes the author. The SNS make an individual more isolated and self-centered where the individual lose interest from the real and practical world and relies more on the virtual world of the Social Networking Sites. The Social networking Sites play a significant role in gathering public support and public sphere because in SNS, anyone can express their own point of view, opinions and can take part in any kind of discussions in SNS. 

Journal number – 5

Journal Name - Are We Becoming More Socially Awkward? An Analysis of the Relationship between Technological Communication Use and Social Skills in College Students.

Author’s Name – Cecilia Brown

Information - Connecticut College, cbrown6@conncoll.edu.

About the Journal-

In this paper, the writer writes about the relationship between the use of technological communication and social skills in the young people and also the relationship between communication and technology. With the development of technologies we disregard the real, now we converse with our hands rather than our mouths, tapping keyboards to the rhythm of our thought in the 21st century. In past few years, the social networking Sites advance the information and communication system by email, texting, instant messaging, skype etc. People now have the resources to communicate with each other without facing face-to-face always. 

From 1995 to the present, the number of Internet users worldwide has risen from 16 million to 2280 million as of March of 2012, which is 32.7% of the world’s total population (Internet World Stats, 2012). Today, 77% of teens have a cell phone; of these teens, only 39% made phone calls daily, whereas 63% text messaged daily. The new technologies have made our communication easier, faster and it enables people with the social anxiety to interact with each other. Technological communication has become diffusion into our culture but the negative outcomes of the Social networking sites are emerging with the time. The SNS have reduced the skills of interpersonal communication of the users and it is alerting the brains of its users. The SNS addiction is similar to the addiction of drugs and alcohol. The SNS addiction is reducing the social life of an individual because the face to face communication or the real world communication. The more time the individuals spend time on the internet the less time they spend in person with family and friends. The technological communication has impacted the socio-cultural life of the young people very much. 

Communication is necessary for surviving in a society and in every culture the communication is necessary for exchanging information. Telecommunication helps an interpersonal communication and with the advancement of technology it has enables people to communicate in many other ways which do not demand spatial proximity. The purpose of telecommunication is to exchange information over significant distances

by electronic means, consequently eliminating the distance between continents, countries, neighborhoods, and people. Today it is not necessary to standing next to people for interaction and communication because the telecommunication and internet have reduced the gap especially the SNS. The SNS like Face book (2004), Myspace (2003), LinkedIn (2003) are very popular Social networking Sites among the users because of its features. Facebook surpassed Myspace’s highest ratings, growing in popularity at an exponential rate. Facebook was initially only available to college students, giving it a more elite and refined reputation than Myspace but Facebook was adopted by other demographics, its exclusive nature was maintained, in that new users had to be invited by current users in order to join the network. Facebook has many attractive characteristics and the most important is its ‘Facebook Chat’ which allows users to communicate using instant messaging on the site. Today, Facebook is by far the leading social networking website, both in the United States and internationally, with over 500 million users worldwide. By gradually removing strict privacy settings, Facebook has become as easily accessible as Myspace, yet continues to be regarded as more sophisticated than Myspace by adult users. Facebook in popularity is Twitter, whose sole purpose is to share status updates, one of the features of Facebook. Twitter has found a unique way to combine the social networking aspect of mass communication with the concise nature of text messaging, as every status update is subject to a 140-character limit. The author writes about the gender differences in technology especially in the social networking sites. the majority of Facebook’s 845 million users are women, and, additionally, women drive 62% of Facebook activity (status updates, messages, and comments). Women also have 8% more Facebook friends than do men and spend more time on the site altogether than do men. Women also spend more time texting than men do. 

In an average month, women will send and receive 717 text messages, which is 30% more than the 552 sent and received by men. Finally, women also spend 22% more time chatting on the phone than men do (Gross, 2010). Facebook enables users to communicate through profiles, private instant messaging, and personal commenting. The presentation of an ideal self to an imagined audience is an example of the psychological term “self-presentation,” which is “the attempt to control self-relevant images before real or imagined others” (Schlender, 1981, p. 25). This behavior occurs in all walks of life, as individuals learn to segregate their audiences, presenting a self-compatible to the audiences they find in different face-to-face social situations (Goffman, 1961). Yet in the case of social networks, we are faced with “collapsed contexts” of multiple distinct audiences in one space and we feel pressure to present a variable self-presentation to this mixed group of people (Goffman, 1961).  

The Social networking sites have highlighted the levels of depression in all over the world. Users seek out Facebook as a resource to reduce issues of loneliness, depression, and self-esteem that they are already experiencing in their everyday lives. Ironically in all cases, these problems are only being enhanced with more Facebook use, and additional social issues are occasionally appearing that were not there initially. The Social networking sites have been affecting the people very much, it is reducing the creativity power, it is reducing the social behavior of its users, and people are becoming more self-centric, more isolated and more self-centered. 

Journal Number – 6

Journal Name - Identity construction on Face book: Digital empowerment in anchored relationships.

Authors Name - Shanyang Zhao,Sherri Grasmuck,Jason Martin.

Information - www.elsevier.com/locate/comphumbeh. 

About the journal-

In their paper, the authors here write about the identity formation of on Face book and how the Social Networking sites helps in creating an identity on Internet. For more than a decade, the investigation is running to know how internet is impacting the people in identity formation. It has been seen that individuals tended to play-act at being someone else or act out their underlying negative impulses in the online world. The SNS are already very much popular among the people and especially Face book has become popular among the people because of its unique features. 

Identity of an individual’s life is important for the total outlook of a person’s thinking, behavior and lifestyle. In the direct face to face conversations the identity of a person is being created under certain constraints and people may seek to hide their background and personality to produce a new identity but such identity claims still cannot go beyond the limits set by embodiment. With the advent of Internet, the life of the individuals has changed totally. The authors write about the negative aspects of the SNS also, like with the removal of the physical interactions enables certain disadvantages to the users. The online relationships can be anchored through institutions, residences and mutual friends and the most important identifying information include name of the person, location and institutional affiliation. Identity performance takes place even in places where individuals are fully identifiable, such as in classrooms and offices, but self-performances in such contexts are constrained and tend to conform to established social norms. 

Though Face book is similar to the other Social networking Sites like MySpace but it has its unique and distinctive features which make this the most popular Social networking site in today’s 21st century. Users of Face book can upload their photos, videos, they can update their status, they can take part in any discussion regarding a particular topic, and they can share their personal interests and hobbies and list their friends on the SNS. Face book allows users to have control over their information and who sees it. The basic ‘‘visibility rule” is that all the user’s Face book friends and schoolmates can see the user’s Face book account. The user can modify this basic visibility rule by changing the privacy settings of his or her account. For example, a user can make his or her account visible only to his or her Face book friends or to just him- or herself. A user can also hide certain parts of the account from certain people or block certain people from viewing the account. 

According to the basic visibility rule, those who are outside of the user’s institution and not on the user’s Facebook friend list cannot view the user’s account, but they can find the user in their search results and are able to see the user’s cover picture, poke the user, send the user a message or request to be the user’s friend, and view the user’s friend list. But the user can change that rule such that outside people cannot find him or her in their search or cannot access all the default options. These kinds of privacy control functions enable Facebook users to present different self-images to different people, as they do offline. Apart from the cover picture, users can show within their Facebook profiles as many photos of themselves as they wish. In Face book, there is an option which is ‘About me’, where the users can write about themselves, express their liking and disliking, where they can write about their opinion etc. 

Of course, not all identities constructed on Face book are socially desirable. Deviance occurs even in a fully anonymous offline setting. The Social networking sites are playing an important role in creating identity in today’s world because it has the fastest reaching capacity, easily available to the users, anyone with the basic internet knowledge can create a profile on internet and the users can take part in discussions by commenting, updating statuses etc. but most of the time, the identity of the face book and the identity of the real practical world does not match with each other. People create fake accounts in face book and the privacy option in the SNS is very poor, the cybercriminals can easily trace someone through the social networking sites, they can hack the account of the users. Identity in face book is more virtual than reality, the identity construction is Social networking Sites are very much easy but in order to create an identity on SNS, people are becoming isolated from the real existed society, they are losing the connection from the practical world.

Journal number – 7

Journal name – The use of Social networking in community development.

Author Name – Paul lachapelle

Information – CD Practice, Promoting principles of good practice, spring 2011, issue 17.

About the Journal –

In Social interactions, political organizing and economic development, the Social Networking Sites and the Social media play a significant role in today’s developing and advancing world of technology. Today the use of social media is very much noticeable, in political actions, promotion of democracy, business marketing and public relations management everywhere the Social media and Social networking sites play an important role. The Social media and the Social networks play a very significant role in developing socio-economic well-being of communities. Social media is a way to transmit or distribute information to a broad audience where users have an opportunity to create and distribute content. The author here writes about the importance of the Social networking Sites in developing the socio economic growth of communities.

In community development, one can use social media to facilitate social networking and conversely, one can network, form partnerships, and build relationships by leveraging social media. With the advent of Web 2.0, there has been a dramatic transformation in the way of creating information, communication and interaction process of the individuals. One significant transformation is the establishment of Web 2.0, a term referring to myriad web applications that provide for interactive information sharing and collaboration via the internet using a variety of means such as text, images, audio, and video (Addison, 2006). The Web 2.0 allows its users to create contents, interact and collaborating a user generated virtual world which is completely different from the real world. Users actively participate and network with a potential to pool the 

Collective intelligence of the users and create opportunities for free and unrestricted input for better decisions. The emergence of the Twitter service enables users to send and read other users' messages of text-based posts made up of up to 140 characters called tweets. Users may subscribe or “follow” other author tweets and this service is increasingly available and integrated in Smartphone technology. The wiki sites are excellent option for individuals who wish to coordinate information, who wish to collaborate and share ideas on various social media content and track changes that many individuals would like to have input on. Examples of wiki applications include Wiki spaces (wikispaces.com) and Google Docs (docs.google.com). Wikipedia (wikipedia.org), described as “the free encyclopedia that anyone can edit,” is perhaps the most ubiquitous example of a peer-reviewed site where users can establish or edit existing content on almost any subject imaginable.

The author writes about the electronic mailings also which allows users to email in-formation to other users or “subscribers” on a list. Sometimes referred to as list serves (after the first electronic mailing list software application called LISTSERV), recipients with permission, can respond to the entire group of subscribers. There are many list management tools that have been developed including Listserv (lsoft.com), Majordomo (greatcircle.com/majordomo), and Dada Mail (dadamailproject.com). The SNS become popular because of its features; it allows users to share ideas and user-generated content including images and videos while building connections and associations, both personal and professional. 

There are many challenges and limitations that pre-vent or dissuade use of social media and networking to its full potential in the field of community development. The cost of some technologies, particularly mobile devices and their often expensive service contracts can prove prohibitive for many users. While the costs of computing (i.e. processors, monitors, etc.) have decreased markedly in recent years, technologies that provide easy access to social media and networking sites can be beyond the means of those in poverty or for those outside rural broadband access.  Moreover the skills required to be social network-savvy can be overwhelming, particularly to those without much time to invest in initial learning. The new web based technologies are making people more introverts, more isolated from the real world. The use of social media and networking can conform to and even complement the principles of the Community Development Society. The use of these tools has the potential to promote the fundamental tenets of the society and influence how practitioners act and interact in the future. Moreover the use of the social networking tools has great potential to transform the community development discipline in ways that are likely unperceived. That involved in community development would do well to become familiar with various opportunities, to address the challenges outlined above in a coordinated effort, and seek new and innovative methods to use and apply social media and networking tools to transform the discipline in the future.

Theoretical Framework:

Research in the Social Networking Sites and their influences on the people, on the community, on the society has been developing with the time. The topics of the Social Networking Sites and their impacts on the growth of particular community or a particular group of people all are the important aspects which are sought out by this study. The public Sphere theory proposed by German social theorist Jurgen Habermus (1929) whose work has inspired a long-lasting and controversial debate in communication studies and beyond. 

To survive in this earth, people or communities have to create an indentity which will distinguish it from the other people or the community. Community in a broader sense means a group of people who shares certain common beliefs, common ideas, and common values from a particular geographical area. In human communities, intent, belief, resources, preferences, needs, risks, and a number of other conditions may be present and common, affecting the identity of the participants and their degree of cohesiveness.

The word "community" is derived from the Old French comuneté which is derived from the Latin communitas (from Latin communis, things held in common), a broad term for fellowship or organized society. One broad definition which incorporates all the different forms of community is "a group or network of persons who are connected (objectively) to each other by relatively durable social relations that extend beyond immediate genealogical ties, and who mutually define that relationship (subjectively) as important to their social identity and social practice." (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community).

But with the development of technologies and especially with the emergence of Internet, the concept or the idea of Community has been leased and with the help of the Social networking Sites mainly people can gather or join virtually to an online community where they can share their opinions, thoughts, beliefs and values irrespective of caste, sex or religion.  

The researcher has signed the Public Sphere theory to assess the present status of Bishnupriya Manipuri Community in face book and The System Theory of Social Science.

In our Social Life, the Public Sphere is very significant and important area which facilitates individuals to come together and freely discuss and identify societal problems, issues, challenges faced by the society and through that discussion influence political action. The public sphere emerged on 18th century. The 18th century public sphere allowed a participatory public democracy where every citizen has the voice, opinion and thinking. The basic ideal belief in public sphere theory is that the government's laws and policies should be steered by the public sphere, and that the only legitimate governments are those that listen to the public sphere.  

The public sphere theory has signed in this research because of the social networking site (Facebook) which has been given a space and platform to the Bishnupriya Manipuri community for bring out some discussions regarding the growth of Bishnupriya Manipuri Community along with the history and culture of the Bishnupriya Manipuri Community. Each group of Bishnupriya Manipuri in Facebook they discusses mostly about Bishnupriya Manipuri Community related topic on Facebook. They share ideas, information, opinion and sometime debate through Social networking site. 

Jürgen Habermas says, "We call events and occasions ‘public’ when they are open to all, in contrast to closed or exclusive affairs". Habermas defines the public sphere as a “society engaged in critical public debate”. 

Conditions of the public sphere are according to Habermas:

• The formation of public opinion

• All citizens have access.

Conference in unrestricted fashion (based on the freedom of assembly, the freedom of association, the freedom to expression and publication of opinions) about matters of general interest, which implies freedom from economic and political control. Debate over the general rules governing relations. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_sphere).

The Social Networking as Public Sphere:

With the advancement of the Internet, more facilities, more opportunities and more options are available to the people now which are creating a huge public sphere on internet. The Social Networking Sites especially face book in last few years has become immensely popular among the all age group of our society, from a teenager to an adult and it has made the computer-mediated communication (CMC) highly developed. The contemporary modern society of public sphere rise to re-establish a new means of Communication process. But this electronic age seems more passive than active and today the Internet is giving efficiency to the people to take part in any discussion, to raise their voices without any discrimination. Facebook offers its users a multiple means of communication through Internet Relay Chat (IRC), blogs and emails. Facebook’s 2010 official statistics state that the website has over 400 million active users and that more than 5billion pieces of content (web links, news stories, blog posts, notes, etc.) are shared each week. There are over 3.5 million events created each month and there are more than 3 million active pages and these events and pages can be created and joined by anyone and could help develop online politics that may help establish. Face book as a participatory website allows local individual networks to participate a global network without any discrimination. 

It is very necessary to regulate whether the Social Networking Sites have the ability to create a public sphere among the people which will revolutionize the political sphere. Dewey (1927) insisted that inquiry and communication are the basis for a democratic society, and highlighted the merits of group deliberation over the decisions of a single authority. He argued for a communication democracy where individuals came together to create and preserve a good life in general people. The term ‘Public’ designates people who will affect a population or a community as a whole, who will be in the service of a community or nation especially as a government officer. Public is something which is not private, but accessible and observable by all. A virtual sphere enhances democracy. This research examines not only the discussion online (SNS- Facebook), but also the contribution of Bishnupriya Manipuri people in creating awareness and public sphere regarding the Bishnupriya Manipuri Community and through Facebook among the community and the society. 

System Theory in Community Development-

System theory of Social Science, another theory has been signed for this research which was developed by Ludwig Von Bertalanffy and others, provides an analytical framework that can be used to describe some of the many factors involved in development. It helps define some key issues such as assessing patterns of power and influence, deciding where to intervene, understanding the dynamics of inter-group relationships, and planning and carrying out development activities. 

Community Development is a very complex activity - there are so many elements involved that it seems almost impossible to describe development in a clear and organized manner. Although it is indeed a very complex field, there is a method which can be used to identify many of the components and processes involved in this work. This way of organizing information has been called System Theory. Some of the key concerns in community development, such as assessing power and influence, understanding the dynamics of inter-group relationships, and considering the changes involved in planning development activities, can be understood and described using System Theory.

“ A system is defined by von Bertalanffy as "a set of elements standing in interaction" -- in other words, a group of things which have something in common. This includes any grouping with any sort of relationship - a collection of people, a forest, the planets, and rabbits on a hill-side, a pile of rocks, or anything else -- if it is possible to identify a group of things, this cluster can be seen as a "System." There can be smaller systems (sub-systems) within other, larger systems -a clear example of this would be a single household in a village (see illustration below).  The activities inside that house would be seen as taking place within a system (the family group involved in that household), which in turn exists within the larger system of the village itself.  The village can also be seen as a sub-system, one of a number of communities which together comprise an even greater system, the region or territory in which they all are located. System Theory can be used to describe the various elements and processes in any Development intervention and helps to define relationships and influences that can alter a system’s trajectory as it moves through time.”

With the changing time, Internet is also developing and now The Social networking Sites have been impacting and affecting the lives of the people and especially the youth and the teenagers and the Social networking Sites demands the digital literacy and active participation. This has created a huge gap between the people who know the use of the Social networking Sites as a medium of communication, as a medium of connecting people and those who cannot use the Social networking Sites as a tool of communication. 

In our country, most of the people and most of the community do not know what the Social Networking Sites is and what are its impacts and affects upon the society. In most of the times, people do not know that in community development, the Social networking Sites can play a vital role and which has a very significant effect on the community and society. The lack of infrastructure and lack of proper knowledge are the main reasons behind the lack of awareness of Social Networking sites and Social media mainly. 

In connection to the problem of the particular research, the study will deal with the comparative evaluation of  the impact of Social networking sites especially face book on the growth of Bishnupriya Manipuri Community and how the Social networking site Face book is giving space in growing the Bishnupriya Manipuri community in the today’s world through the Internet. The study will be significant to analyses the role of Social Media especially Face book is helping in the process of growing of the Bishnupriya Manipuri community. 

Methodology –

For the purpose of the study, the triangulation method of the research has used by the researcher for the survey. The triangulation method has been adopted for this research which attributes to indicate more than one method used for the investigation of the research in order to consequent findings. In the Social Science, triangulation method is often used to demonstrate more than one method for the research. Triangulation method is a qualitative approach of research which involves using multiple data sources in an investigation to produce understanding. This is a way of satisfying the validity of research through the use of a variety of methods to collect data on the same topic, which involves different types of samples as well as methods of data collection. The purpose of triangulation is not necessarily to cross-validate data but rather to capture different dimensions of the same phenomenon. The qualitative approach has been taken up customarily to conduct this research but in order to find out certain questions regarding to the research a total number of 20 students and young people have participated in the study of this research on Social skills and Community Development communication. The sample consists of students and young people between the age group of 18-30, where the number of the male people is 10 and the number of female. Qualitative research aims to get a better understanding through first-hand experience, truthful reporting, and quotations of actual conversations.

 It aims to understand how the participants derive meaning from their surroundings, and how their meaning influences their behavior. “Qualitative research is designed to reveal a target audience’s range of behavior and the perceptions that drive it with reference to specific topics or issues. It uses in-depth studies of small groups of people to guide and support the construction of hypotheses. The results of qualitative research are descriptive rather than predictive. Qualitative research methods originated in the social and behavioral sciences: sociology, anthropology and psychology. Today, qualitative methods in the field of marketing research include in-depth interviews with individuals, group discussions (from two to ten participants is typical); diary and journal exercises; and in-context observations. Sessions may be conducted in person, by telephone, via videoconferencing and via the Internet” – QRCA.”

Participants:

There are three techniques have been selected to collect the primary data from the respondents. The three techniques are as follows –

Survey:

The survey was constructed among 20 users of face book in Tezpur University and in outside of the university who are selected mostly from the Bishnupriya Manipuri Community (Quota Sampling)  and this age group has been selected because they are capable of having own opinion, own ideas and values based on their education, they like online chatting.

Web Survey and Observation:

This study also includes observation in two ways, direct and active participatory method where the direct observation means people participate in the discussion when they spent times with their family members, friends, classmates and colleagues and discuss facts relating to the growth of the Bishnupriya Manipuri Community and the impacts of Social Media mainly face book. 

The participatory method means the active participation of the members of the Bishnupriya Manipuri groups in face book and where the members take participation in the issues, facts relating to the growth of the community as well as the on online irrespective of sex and age. 

Interviewing:

To find out more about the impact of the Social media on the growth of Bishnupriya Manipuri community, the interviews of certain community leaders and some significant leaders from the community has been conducted who have discussed the growth of Bishnupriya Manipuri community and the present scenario of the Social Networking Sites.

Data Analysis:

The survey of the particular research was conducted among 20 users of the Social Networking Sites (face book) in Tezpur University, Silchar and Guwahati who are randomly selected. Mostly are from Bishnupriya Manipuri Community in the chosen users and the age bracket of 18 to 30 who were university students, college students and servicemen. 

The reason behind choosing the age group of 18 to 30 years is they are youth, they have the capacity to have their own opinion, thought, reasoning power and point of view based on their education and learning process with the exposure of events they have come across in their life.

Another reason for choosing the age group 18 to 30 is, the maturity level is higher than the children and others, and this age group is more associated with the Social Networking Sites (face book) , they have the knowledge of internet and Social networking sites, they like online chatting, they start to preach the culture along with practicing the culture, seeks to establish the independence. 

Interview:

In order to find out more about the impact of face book on the growth of Bishnupriya Manipuri community and its connection to the present communication scenario, the researcher has taken interview of some prominent community leaders, writers and journalists. 

Web Survey and Observation:

The particular research also involves web survey and observation method. The researcher has taken some of the strong and influential comments and statuses posted and updated by the Social networking sites users and analyzed those. The analysis depends on these questions:

• Who said what?

• Topics of discussions.

• The comments which are based on politics, interests of individuals and others purpose.

• In the name of growing the Bishnupriya Manipuri Community and developing the community what are the things users discuss among them?

• Purpose of using face book by an active member.

• What are the feedback of the powerful comments, posts and statements?

• What are the results of the online discussions?

• How many individuals are member of a particular group of Bishnupriya Manipuri Community in face book?

• What is the number of active members in the groups of Bishnupriya Manipuri community in face book?

• What kind of photos, posts and statuses are upload in the groups?

• Discourses, debates and comments in the accounts of face book.

• Timeline updates.

• Online chat (face book). 

• The existence of the groups of Bishnupriya Manipuri community in face book. (Virtual or Real).

• The reality or duplicity of the groups in face book.

Results and Discussion:

Data analysis and Discussion: 

The researcher has taken 20 samples based on Yes/No questions and also some subjective and logical type questions. 

                         

Figure 1: Users of facebook

After analyzing the questionnaire, it has been found that maximum internet users are in the age group of 20-30 in Tezpur University campus, Silchar and Guwahati.

Figure 2: Number of people associated with Bishnupriya Manipuri Community groups in Face book.

From the above chart it has been found that the number of people associated with the groups in face book related to Bishnupriya Manipuri community is more than the number of people who are not associated with groups related to Bishnupriya Manipuri community in face book. If we notice in table number 1, there are 15 people who are regular in internet and among them 13 are associated with Bishnupriya Manipuri groups in facebook.

Figure 3: 

Purpose of using Bishnupriya Manipuri groups in face book

Out of 20 facebook users, 13 people are associated with Bishnupriya Manipuri Community groups in facebook and 7 are not associated with the groups.  Among 20 people, 11 are of the view that facebook can create awareness of Bishnupriya Manipuri Community in the society so that the misconceptions and confusion regarding the community can be cleared. Secondly, some of them think that, through the groups of Bishnupriya Manipuri in facebook, they get the information, updates, currents issues, history and origin of the community. 

Out of 20 facebook users, some users think that through facebook, they can get a public sphere and existence for the community. Some others think that facebook can help in identity formation of Bishnupriya Manipuri community. A non – Bishnupriya Manipuri user commented that “facebook posts can be in a unique style, this will lead to a good community public sphere where one to one communication is possible and so far there are so many groups as such. An admin can hold up to any topic to discuss it in brief”. Another user of facebook commented, “Almost 70% of people are now connected with by these kinds of groups in Facebook and by creating this kind of groups, it will help us to connect with our community people directly or individually where we can discuss, Interpret and give suggestions on different issues related to the community. Bigger the group, bigger is the unity and more is the development of our community in this diverse cultural nation India”.

Figure 4: 

Number of people visits the groups of Bishnupriya Manipuri community in face book

From the above figure (4), we can see that out of 20 facebook users, 15 have visited the Bishnupriya Manipuri Groups in facebook and 2 are not part of any groups. 5 users did not visit any Bishnupriya Manipuri groups in facebook. One of the non-Bishnupriya Manipuri user commented “I have not been any Bishnupriya Manipuri Community group yet so and I have the little information of their groups”.

 

Figure 5: 

The number of Non-Bishnupriya Manipuris participation in groups of the community in face book

The Bishnupriya Manipuri Community groups in face book allow others to visit and take part in any discourses and debates as per the data is concerned. But there are some people who are not agree because non-bishnupriya Manipuri people cannot write and speak the language which generally the groups of the community in face book use in their debates, discussions and discourses. For that reason the participation of the non-Bishnupriya Manipuri people are very less in number. 

 

Figure 6: 

Through face book people can know about the bishnupriya Manipuri Community

From the above figure (6), it has been found that through face book, people can know about the Bishnupriya Manipuri community because the groups the discuss mainly about origin, history, current issues and future aspects. With these information people can know and clear their misconceptions about the Bishnupriya Manipuri Community to a great extent. There are number of literary persons and community leaders are in the groups of Bishnupriya Manipuri Community and they discuss, debates and give updates about the community which are very informative and useful for the people.

Figure 7: 

Facebook can play a role in popularizing and creating awareness about the community

From the above figure (7), we can see that more people believe that face book can play a role in popularizing and creating awareness about the Bishnupriya Manipuri community because of its unique features, face book has the capacity to reach and connect a more number of people than compared to other medium of communication. People think that the more number of people can know about the community, the more awareness can be created and this can be possible through face book.

Figure 8: 

Facebook has the power of reaching to people faster than other medium of communication

 Figure 9: 

Facebook can create a large public sphere:

Figure 10: 

Facebook can help in growing a community

From the above figures- figure number 8, 9 and 10, it has been seen that face book has the power of reaching and connecting people more than the other communication media and mainstream media because of its unique features and popularity. The above tables have showed that that more numbers of users think that Facebook helps people to bring mass awareness. The groups of Bishnupriya Manipuri in face book use different kinds of techniques to create awareness and identity of the community like – Photos, 

Banners, Posters, newspapers, Magazines and old manuscripts. People have selected face book as a strong medium of connecting people. Although some people do not support because of some topics bring political propaganda, biasness and there is a huge possibility of having fake account in face book. 

Some users commented as, “Facebook provides a platform for discussions for anyone in any part of the globe for a common purpose”, “From the Facebook groups of Bishnupriya Manipuri community; people get information about famous personalities, their works, thoughts, cultures and beliefs”.

Results and Discussion:

 

This study was conducted to analyze the relationship among the Bishnupriya Manipuri Community people and Face book in connection to the growth of the community. 

Present Scenario of the community:

Officially Bishnupriya Manipuri community is a linguistic minority now. There are as many as 146 villages in the valley and population in rural areas was 66,623 in 1967. Curiously enough, figures published in 1961 census were totally incorrect.

A great majority of speakers of BM fled from Manipur and took refuge in Assam, Tripura, Sylhet and Cachar during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries because of internal conflicts among the princes of Manipur and because of Burmese attack. Consequently, it was difficult for the small number of Bishnupriyas who remained in Manipur to retain their language in the face of the impact of Meitei. One can see a bit of the Bishnupriya history in their faces, for they indeed look like they come from Aryan stock, but with a tinge of Mongoloid features. They are a hardworking, peaceful people who value hospitality. Almost all of the Bishnupriya live in predominantly Bishnupriya villages, where they live in peaceful coexistence with other Bengalis, both Muslim and Hindu. At first glance, their villages look no different from other villages, but on closer inspection, one notices certain differences: a wall-less temple area that is the heart of any village, as well as a loom on the front veranda of every house. The Bishnupriya are justifiably proud of their culture as expressed in their hand-woven clothing. Even today, the Bishnupriya men and women wear their distinctly colored and patterned handmade clothing, though the men seem just as comfortable in modern western clothing, and the younger women often wear salwar- kamize. Another source of pride for the Bishnupriya is their dance and music. They recognize their dance and music as an important heritage, as a cultural wealth. Thus, they are active in promoting and performing their dance and music

According to the 2011 census by Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Office of the Registrar and General and Census Commissioner India, the number of Manipuri people is – 1, 466,705 where Manipuris are 1,466,497 and others are 208. There is nothing about the number of Bishnupriya Manipuri people in the data; only the number of Manipuri is there where both the Meitei and Bishnupriya Manipuri are different communities. Today, nearly all children go to school, with a very high percentage taking the secondary school certificate (SSC) examination, and their level of literacy in Bangla—for everyone but the very oldest members of their community—is very high.

‘Jagaran’ (1925) was the first Bishnupriya Manipuri Magazine of the time, edited by Falguni Sinha (Social Worker), this magazine published articles both on Bishnupriya and Meitei language. That time the mainstream medium of communication was English and Bengali that time so this magazine could not last for long. Bishnupriya Manipuri Community has some newspaper also now but the mainstream media and the main communication medium is English mainly so there is no profit in this and without the profit media cannot run so the people of Bishnupriya Manipuri chooses alternative media and Social Networking Sites so that they can get a platform for themselves. If Bishnupriya Manipuri people could stay in Manipur at the time of colonization and migration, then the community would have an identity because with the culture and religion, another factor come for identity of a community, which is a State. Because of the scattering and migration, the Bishnupriya Manipuri people lose their identity, existence and political constituency. Even the LAC (Legislative Assembly Constituency) has gone against to Bishnupriya Manipuri Community and for that reason the community has become more politically backward. 

In modern times, Bishnupriya Manipuri Literature, there are a number of poets, dramatists, Short story writers, and essayists. The most popular dramatists are 1. Aswini Kumar Singha, the writer of “Harischandra”, “Sabitri Satyaban” etc. 2. Indra Kumar Singha, the writer of “Haribola-Ehari”, “Kailas lailat” etc. 3. Sudhanva Singha, the writer of Number of Fagiram Drama's and 4. Birendra Kumar singha the writer of “Manur Kothai Gor Na Bagyo”. Among short Story writers, Brajendra Kumar Singha, Indra kumar Singha, Symananda Singha, Oja BBabulok Dabi are eminent. The remarkable essayists of this era are Dr. K.P. Singha, Brajendra KumarSingha, Birendra Kumar Singha, Jagot Mihan Singha etc. Poets of this period are huge in number and among them; Modon Mohan Mukhopadhyay, Brajendra Kumar Singha and Dhananjoy Rajkumar are the most successful.

The Late modern Bishnupriya Manipuri Literature is ruled by a number young and a few old Bishnupriya Manipuri writers. Of them the names of Dhanajoy Rajkumar, Brajendra Kumar Singha, Smriti Kumar Singha, Dil's Laxindra Singha, Sri Samarjit Singha, Sudhanya Singha, Srikanta Singha, Biswajit Singha, Mothura Singha, Kumari Sandhya Sinha,Ranjit Singha, Radhakanta Singha can be mentioned.

Face book and Community:

Face book is an online social networking site which has become immensely popular among the people with the changing times and with the development of media and internet. With the increasing literary rate, people came to know more about the new media and internet, its uses, its characteristics and its nature. Its name comes from the colloquial name for the book given to students at the start of the academic year by some American university administrations, to help students to know one another. 

The researches have proved that mostly among the age group of 17-40 use the Social networks more especially face book and they are the regular users of face book. However the number of face book users is comparatively less in Bishnupriya Manipuri people than others because of lack of awareness and low literacy rate and the maximum number of face book users is students and youngsters and with the influence of the youngsters, now a days middle age group of people are also using face book. 

Facebook and Bishnupriya Manipuri Community:

Name of the Group Name Members

Bishnupriya Manipuri Students and Youth Associations 1932

Greater Emarlam for Bishnupriya Manipuri GEBM 982

Bishnupriya Manipuri discussion forum 1417

Bishnupriya Manipuri Writers Forum 654

There are many groups in facebook regarding Bishnupriya Manipuri community but currently these above are the active groups of the community in facebook. The social networking sites provide its users to share their opinion, point of view and they can take part in any discussions and debates in facebook and other SNS. Users create a profile on SNS and they share their photos, videos and updates freely.

Web survey analysis:

The main objective of the web survey for this research is to study the connection of Bishnupriya Manipuri with the Social networking sites (facebook) and the impact of social networking sites (facebook) on the growth of Bishnupriya Manipuri Community. With the changing time and the development of internet, the social networking sites especially facebook has become the strongest medium of communication with its unique features to the people. Facebook has given a very huge and effective platform to its users where everyone can take part in any discussions, debates and other works and the group members who generally discuss mainly about the issues, problems and origin of Bishnupriya Manipuri Community and with the help of facebook how they can bring a change in the community’s present status. 

The groups generally discuss about the origin of the community so that people can know about the community and clear the misconceptions regarding the community, they discuss mainly about the current issues and problems of the community so that through the discussion they can find a solution for the problems of the community. Through these kinds of discussions and debates, posts, photos and videos they try to bring unity among the people of the community. Each of the Bishnupriya Manipuri people has their sentiment and respect towards their culture, tradition and the community itself. There are end numbers of the students who studying different parts (the number of user profile of the students indicates) of India but the connectivity and the patriotism can be seen through the facebook from the age group of 16-40 years. 

Mainly there are four active groups have been studied and their characteristics are as follows:

Bishnupriya Manipuri Students and Youth Associations:

One of the most active groups in facebook of Bishnupriya Manipuri is Bishnupriya Manipuri Students and Youth Associations where the number of the members is 1,932 currently. The group has declared this as a group of the youth of the community mainly but other can also join. In this group, users try to put forward the main problems of the community and through active participation and discussions; they try to find a solution. 

Another characteristic of the group is, through different kinds of posts, photos and videos they try to create a unity among the young generation of the Bishnupriya Manipuri community.

Greater Emarlam of Bishnupriya Manipuri (GEBM):

Another active group of Bishnupriya Manipuri Community in Facebook is, Greater Emarlam of Bishnupriya Manipuri Community which is run by 5 admins. This group basically speaks about the origin and historical existence, evidences and originality of Bishnupriya Manipuri community.

Bishnupriya Manipuri Discussion Forum:

Bishnupriya Manipuri Discussion Forum is another active group in facebook and it is also one of the popular groups of the community. This group covers all the things like origin and growth, current status of the community, issues and problems of the community and tries to find out the solutions of the problems.  

Bishnupriya Manipuri Writers Forum:

Bishnupriya Manipuri writes Forum is another group of the community in facebook which is effective and popular. This group has literary personalities, students and journalists from the community and they discuss, share and debates on issues, problems and current status of Bishnupriya Manipuri Community. They discuss and shares about their literary works also.

Results: 

From the web survey and observation, the researcher has found that-

• A significant and a large number of people associated with internet and facebook groups.

• Majority of the facebook users are educated.

• Topics of discussions and posts are history, origin, growth, issues, current status and the problems of the community. 

• A significant number of facebook users come under the age group of 16-35 years.

• Most of the facebook users from the community are on the view that facebook can help in the growth of Bishnupriya Manipuri community and they strongly believe that it can help in the identity formation and the existence of the Bishnupriya Manipuri Community.

• Bishnupriya Manipuri facebook users strongly believe that facebook can bring a change and development in the current status of the community by creating awareness and public sphere.

Conclusion:

This study is one of the first attempts to look into the communication, impact and relation between the Bishnupriya Manipuri Community and facebook among the Bishnupriya Manipuri people. While summering the study, it has been found that a large number of Bishnupriya Manipuri people are associated with the social networking sites mainly facebook. They feel the need of unity, connectivity and creating awareness of the community and for that medium is needed, mainstream media hardly  look after these kinds of matters, so they choose alternative media and social networking sites especially facebook because facebook is one of the most popular and effective medium of communication by connecting a large number of people together.

Through this study, it has been found that, a strong and effective platform is needed for the Bishnupriya Manipuri Community through which they can create their identity, their existence and they can establish themselves in the society. There are many misconceptions regarding the community like most of the people think there is only one Manipuri group of people are there and that is Meitei but Bishnupriya Manipuri is also there. Another misconception regarding the community is Bishnupriya Manipuri is not a Manipuri language and many more which are growing more day by day in our society. 

The contemporary society thinks that only Meitei are the Manipuri group in our country but Bishnupriya Manipuri group of people are also there and the number of Bishnupriya Manipuri people is also very high and they scattered in different places. The bishnupriya Manipuri people thinks that current scenario is not favorable for the growth of the community and mainstream media is not looking after the issues and problems of the community. 

As expressed by a Bishnupriya Manipuri journalist from a leading newspaper of North-East India, Bishnupriya Manipuri community is one of the oldest and ethnic community in our country, it has given a classical dance form –Manipuri Dance (classical Dance). The community needs a strong platform so that it can grow, it can establish itself into the society and it can create awareness among the society regarding it. Mainstream media is dominated by languages like English, Bengali and Hindi so it is unable to help the community and because of that people 

Of this community have chosen alternative media like internet and Social networking sites (facebook) as their medium of communication. 

While concluding the study, there are four objectives which have been fulfilled with the help of this study. Firstly, to examine the influence of facebook in the growth of Bishnupriya Manipuri community. As per the first objective is concerned, it has been found that many of Bishnupriya Manipuri groups have been associated with facebook and the main aim of these group is same. There are more than 10 groups of Bishnupriya Manipuri are in facebook but only four groups are active in nature as they updates their group regularly with information, posts and news of the community. They use photographs, old documents and videos to attract the users and to create the unity among the people of the community.

Secondly, to examine the awareness of the community among the SNS users. This objective was fulfilled by the survey which was conducted among the 20 social networking sites users.  The result of the survey says that a significant number of people of the community are associated with facebook and other social networking sites and they share their ideas, opinions and take active participation by commenting, by updating status and by posting photos and videos in facebook. The age group of the study is 16-40 and the study was not conduct on those people who do not know the concept of Social networking Sites. People are now know more about the Bishnupriya Manipuri Community through facebook because through facebook groups of Bishnupriya Manipuri Community they are getting information, updates and news of the community. 

Thirdly, to examine the role of facebook in the growth of Bishnupriya Manipuri Community this was also fulfilled by this study. Bishnupriya Manipuri people believe that facebook can play a significant role and it can help in the growth of the community because facebook is the most popular, strong and effective medium of communication in today’s world. After studying Facebook groups, it has been found that the community people are very sick to create their identity and establish themselves to the society. It has the capacity to connect with a huge group of people to a single platform by a single click and after that the huge world of connectivity is open. Development, growth and change are possible of the Bishnupriya Manipuri Community with the help of facebook and other alternative media because of its connectivity and reaching capacity. 

References:

1. Impact of Social Networking Sites (SNS) on the Youth of India, Pratyasha Jain.

2.Social Networking Sites – A Critical Analysis of Its Impact on Personal and Social Life, Dr.Biswajit Das and Jyoti Shankar Sahoo, International Journal of Business and Social Sciences, Vol.2 No.14, www.ijbssnet.com.

3. UNCOVERING THE SOCIAL IMPACTS OF FACEBOOK ON A COLLEGE CAMPUS, Matthew Robert Vanden Boogart.

4. Are We Becoming More Socially Awkward? An Analysis of the Relationship between Technological Communication Use and Social Skills in College Students, Cecilia Brown, Connecticut College, cbrown6@conncoll.edu.

5. Identity construction on Face book: Digital empowerment in anchored relationships, Shanyang Zhao,Sherri Grasmuck,Jason Martin,www.elsevier.com/locate/comphumbeh.

6. The use of Social networking in community development, Paul lachapelle, CD Practice, Promoting principles of good practice, Spring 2011, issue 17.

7. www.wikipedia.com

8.http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.aspx.

9.(http://www.tamas.com/sites/default/files/System%20Theory%20in%20Development%202009_0.pdf).

10. http://www.qrca.org/?page=aboutus 

Appendix

Schedule I

Questionnaire –

This questionnaire is solely for academic purpose. The information so obtained shall not be misused in any form. Your help shall be highly appreciated. Please put a tick (  ) wherever necessary.

Name:

Age:

Sex:      Female

             Male 

             Others 

1. Occupation:

    Student 

    Employee 

    Self-employed 

   Unemployed  

2. How long have you been registered on Face book?

3. What Face book feature do you most value?

    Wall-posts  

    Groups  

    Game apps 

    Chat 

4. Do you like the Social networking sites?

    Yes 

    No  

    Little Bit 

5. Do you have an account on Face book?

    Yes

     No 

6. Why do you use Face book?

7. Do you use Face book daily?

    Yes 

    No      

    Often 

9. How much time do you spend in Face book?

   Hours 

   Minutes 

10. What are your interests groups in Face book? Give reasons.

11. How often do you comment on other Facebook groups’ activities (photos, posts, etc.)?

  

  Extremely Often 

  Very Often 

  Slightly Often      

  Not at all often 

12. Have you visited any group of Bishnupriya Manipuri Community in Face book?

    Yes 

    Never 

 If never, give your opinion:

13. Have you visited any group in Face book related to Bishnupriya Manipuri community?

    Yes 

    No

    Never 

    Often 

   If No, Never, give your reasons:

14.  Are you a member of any group related to Bishnupriya Manipuri community in Face book?

     Yes 

     No    

    If yes, name of the group and give your reasons for why you have chosen the group: 

15. Do you participate in any kind of discussions which are going on in the group of Bishnupriya               Manipuri community in Face book?

     Yes 

     Never 

     Often 

16. What is the purpose of using Bishnupriya Manipuri groups in Face book? Give your opinion.

17. Do you find the groups of Bishnupriya Manipuri community informative? 

     Yes 

     No    

     Little bit 

   

  If yes, what kind of information you get from those groups:

18. Do you think Face book can help in growing a community by creating public sphere? Give your reasons. 

Schedule II

Interview –

Question no. 1: Tell us something about the Bishnupriya Manipuri Community.

Question no. 2: Day by day Bishnupriya Manipuri Community is losing its identity and existence, so according to you what are the reasons behind that?

Questions no. 3: Do you think internet and Social Networking sites can bring a change in our society?

Questions no. 4: Do you think social networking sites (facebook) can help in the growth of Bishnupriya Manipuri Community?

Question no. 5: What are the controversies related to Gokulananda Geetswami?

Questions no. 6: What is the present scenario of the Bishnupriya Manipuri Community?

Questions no. 7: Any suggestions for the Bishnupriya Manipuri young people along with others for the growth.